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Enver Halil Hoxha (; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was the communist leader of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He was chairman of the Democratic Front of Albania and commander-in-chief of the armed forces from 1944 until his death. He served as Prime Minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954 and at various times served as foreign minister and defence minister as well. The 40-year period of Hoxha's rule was characterized by the elimination of the opposition, prolific use of the death penalty〔(Varja e Havzi Nelës, zbardhet vendimi dhe firma e Kristaq Ramës )〕〔(Poeti disident Havzi Nela ... )〕 or long prison terms for his political opponents and evictions of their families from their homes to remote villages that were strictly controlled by police and the secret police (Sigurimi). His rule was also characterized by Stalinist methods to destroy his associates who threatened his own power.〔(Dënimi i krimeve të komunizmit, guri në qafën e politikës në Shqipëri )〕 Economically, during his period, Albania became industrialised and saw rapid economic growth, as well as unprecedented progress in the areas of education and health. He focused on rebuilding the country which was left in ruins after World War II, building Albania's first railway line, eliminating adult illiteracy and leading Albania towards becoming agriculturally self-sufficient.〔''40 Years of Socialist Albania'', Dhimiter Picani〕 Hoxha's government was characterized by his proclaimed firm adherence to anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism from the mid-1970s onwards. After his break with Maoism in the 1976–1978 period, numerous Maoist parties declared themselves Hoxhaist. The International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) is the best known association of these parties today. ==Early life== Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër, a city in southern Albania (then under the Ottoman Empire) that has been home to many prominent families. He was the son of Halil Hoxha, a Bektashi〔(Biography of Baba Rexheb ): "(Hoxha was ) from the Gjirokastër area and () came from (family ) that () attached to the Bektashi tradition. In fact, fourteen years before Enver set off for France to study, his father brought him to seek the blessing of Baba Selim. The ''baba'' (dervish) was not one to refuse the request of a petitioner and he made a benediction over the boy."〕 Tosk cloth merchant who travelled widely across Europe and the United States, and Gjylihan (Gjylo) Hoxha. Fourteen years before Enver set off for France to study, his father brought him to seek the blessing of Baba Selim of the Zall Teqe. The baba did not refuse the request of the petitioner and made a benediction over the boy.〔 At age 16, Enver Hoxha helped found and became secretary of the Students Society of Gjirokastër, which protested against the monarchist government of Zog I. After the government closed the Society, he moved to Korçë, continuing his studies in a French secondary school. There he learned French history, literature and philosophy. In this city he read for the first time the ''Communist Manifesto''.〔''A Coming of Age: Albania under Enver Hoxha'', James S. O'Donnell, New York 1999, p. 193.〕 In 1930, Hoxha went to study at the University of Montpellier in France on a state scholarship given to him by the Queen Mother for the faculty of natural sciences. He attended the lessons and the conferences of the Association of Workers organised by the French Communist Party, but dropped out to pursue a degree in either philosophy or law. After a year, lacking interest in biology, and after not having passed any university exams, he left Montpellier to go to Paris hoping to continue his studies. He attended classes of philosophy at Sorbonne, but, again, did not sit for any exam. In Paris, it is said that he collaborated with ''L'Humanité'', writing articles on the situation in Albania under the pseudonym ''Lulo Malësori''. He also got involved in the Albanian Communist Group under the tutelage of Llazar Fundo, who taught him law.〔Hamm, Harry. ''Albania – China's Beachhead in Europe''. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1963., p. 84, 93.〕 He dropped out once more, and from 1934 to 1936 he was a secretary at the Albanian consulate in Brussels, attached to the personnel office of Queen Mother Sadijé. He was dismissed after the consul discovered that his employee kept Marxist materials and books in his office. He returned to Albania in 1936 and taught grammar school in the French Lyceum of Korçë. His extensive education left him fluent in French with a working knowledge of Italian, Serbian, English and Russian. As a leader, he would often reference ''Le Monde'' and the ''International Herald Tribune''.〔O'Donnell, p. 196. He is described as "by far the best-read head of state in Eastern Europe."〕 On 7 April 1939, Albania was invaded by fascist Italy.〔See note 1 on page 32 of the Selected Works of Enver Hoxha: Volume I'' (Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House) p. 32.〕 The Italians established a puppet government in Albania under Mustafa Merlika-Kruja.〔See page 34 and also note 2 on page 35 of the ''Selected Works of Enver Hoxha: Volume I''.〕 Hoxha was dismissed from his teaching post following the invasion for refusing to join the Albanian Fascist Party.〔John E. Jessup, ''An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 1998. p. 288. "At the time of the Italian invasion of Albania, he was fired for refusing to join the Albanian Fascist Party and became a tobacconist in the capital city, Tirana."〕 He opened a tobacco shop in Tirana called Flora where a small communist group soon started gathering. Eventually the government closed it.〔''The Albanians: An Ethnographic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present'' Vol. II, Edwin E. Jacques, North Carolina 1995, p. 416.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Enver Hoxha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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